Effective sonodegradation of methylene blue (MB) organic dye by MIL-88(Fe)/NaY/MnFe2O4 nanocomposite

Maryam Gholami

Department of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran

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Pourya Zarshenas

Faculty of Chemistry & Petroleum Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University (SBU), Iran

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Meysam Sadeghi*

Department of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran

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Abstract

This research examined sonocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye in the presence of MIL-88(Fe)/NaY/MnFe2O4 nanocomposite synthesized using the ultrasound assisted-hydrothermal route. Multiple identification techniques were utilized to investigate the MIL-88(Fe)/NaY/MnFe2O4 nanocomposite sonocatalyst involving FESEM, EDAX, FTIR, XRD and BET. The influences of various parameters like contact time, H2O2 concentration, initial MB concentration and sonocatalyst dosage were precisely studied. About 98.1% of MB dye degradation was achieved under the optimum parameter conditions i.e. at pH of 7, 25 mg/L of initial MB concentration, H2O2 concentration of 4 mM and 0.5 g/L of MIL-88(Fe)/NaY/MnFe2O4 dosage within 60 min. The enhancement of sonocatalytic activities can be related to the function of NaY zeolite as trap state for the electron. The scavenger tests outcomes demonstrated that the sono-generated hydroxyl radical (.OH) would play an important role in the MB degradation. Additionally, the MIL-88(Fe)/NaY/MnFe2O4 was quite stable since the efficiency of MB degradation gained in the four run was 93.7%.

Keywords: sonocatalytic, degradation, methylene blue, MIL-88(Fe)/NaY/MnFe2O4, nanocomposite.

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The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2021

Many research areas and industries are dependent on chemists’ ability to construct molecules that can form elastic and durable materials, store energy in batteries or inhibit the progression of diseases. This work requires catalysts, which are substances that control and accelerate chemical reactions, without becoming part of the final product. For example, catalysts in cars transform toxic substances in exhaust fumes to harmless molecules. Our bodies also contain thousands of catalysts in the form of enzymes, which chisel out the molecules necessary for life.

Catalysts are thus fundamental tools for chemists, but researchers long believed that there were, in principle, just two types of catalysts available: metals and enzymes. Benjamin List and David MacMillan are awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2021 because in 2000 they, independent of each other, developed a third type of catalysis. It is called asymmetric organocatalysis and builds upon small organic molecules.

“This concept for catalysis is as simple as it is ingenious, and the fact is that many people have wondered why we didn’t think of it earlier,” says Johan Åqvist, who is chair of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry.

Organic catalysts have a stable framework of carbon atoms, to which more active chemical groups can attach. These often contain common elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur or phosphorus. This means that these catalysts are both environmentally friendly and cheap to produce.

The rapid expansion in the use of organic catalysts is primarily due to their ability to drive asymmetric catalysis. When molecules are being built, situations often occur where two different molecules can form, which – just like our hands – are each other’s mirror image. Chemists will often only want one of these, particularly when producing pharmaceuticals.

Organocatalysis has developed at an astounding speed since 2000. Benjamin List and David MacMillan remain leaders in the field, and have shown that organic catalysts can be used to drive multitudes of chemical reactions. Using these reactions, researchers can now more efficiently construct anything from new pharmaceuticals to molecules that can capture light in solar cells. In this way, organocatalysts are bringing the greatest benefit to humankind.